TROMPÉS

DANS LA SERRE CHAUDE

TROISIÈME ÉDITION

Résistez les fausses solutions aux changements climatiques

Notes De Fin De Texte

HOODWINKED IN THE HOTHOUSE
Resist False Solutions to Climate Change

THIRD EDITION 2021

This compendium of corporate false promises pulls back the bright green curtain, exposing the dark side of risky high-tech fantasies that continue to hoodwink elected officials and the public while propping up the biggest global polluters.

The unrealistic quick-fixes detailed in this book will waste billions on energy industry snake-oil schemes and corporate handouts like “market-based mechanisms,” all while distracting us from the real solutions that serve our most urgent needs.

Easy to read and stunningly illustrated, the newly updated and expanded “Hoodwinked” is an educational toolbox for activists, organizers, impacted communities and elected officials.

The world is in an alarming climate justice moment of no-turning-back – arm yourself with knowledge to Resist False Solutions to Climate Change!

 

CONTRIBUTING ORGANIZATIONS

Biofuelwatch

Energy Justice Network

ETC Group

Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives

Global Justice Ecology Project

Indigenous Climate Action

Indigenous Environmental Network

Just Transition Alliance

La Via Campesina

Movement Generation

Mt. Diablo Rising Tide

Mutual Aid Disaster Relief

North American Megadam Resistance Alliance

Nuclear Information and Resource Service

Rising Tide North America

Shaping Change Collaborative

climatefalsesolutions.org

 


[1]         Climate justice movements around the world support the Indigenous Peoples’ worldview of Earth as a common Mother to all living, sentient beings. This support was ratified by global movements and allied NGOs in the signing the Cochabamba Protocol: Peoples’ Agreement on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth, at the 2010 World Peoples’ Conference on Climate Change, Bolivia: https://madre.org/press-publications/statement/cochabamba-protocol-peoples-agreement-climate-change-and-rights-mother

[2]         McDonnell, T. (2020, November 17). Jeff Bezos is now the biggest climate activism donor—and that’s a problem. Quartz. https://qz.com/1934403/bezos-earth-fund-makes-him-the-biggest-climate-activist-backer/

[3]         Chowdhury, O.R. (2012, August 8). “Green” Economy, greed economy. Counter Currents.

[4]         Gilbertson, T. (2017). Carbon pricing: A critical perspective for community resistance. Indigenous Environmental Network and Climate Justice Alliance. https://co2colonialism.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Carbon-Pricing-A-Critical-Perspective-for-Community-Resistance-Online-Version.pdf

[5]         Ajani, J. I., Keith, H., Blakers, M., Mackey, B. G., & King, H. P. (2013). Comprehensive carbon stock and flow accounting: a national framework to support climate change mitigation policy. Ecological Economics, 89, 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.01.010

[6]         Friends of the Earth International. (2021). Chasing carbon unicorns. https://foei.org/resources/publications/chasing-carbon-unicorns-carbon-markets-net-zero-report

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[8]         Carbon Trade Watch and Indigenous Environmental Network (2010). No REDD, a reader. https://wrm.org.uy/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/REDDreaderEN.pdf

[9]         Irfan, U. (2018, October 18). Exxon is lobbying for a carbon tax. There is, obviously, a catch. Vox. https://vox.com/2018/10/18/17983866/climate-change-exxon-carbon-tax-lawsuit

[10]         Gilbertson, T. (2021). Financialization of nature and climate change policy: Implications for mining-impacted Afro-Colombian communities. Community Development Journal, 56(1), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsaa052

[11]         Personal observation by one of the authors at the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP)25, Madrid, Spain.

[12]         IPCC. (2014). Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

[13]         ETC Group. (2017). Who Will Feed Us?: The Peasant Food Web versus the Industrial Food Chain. https://etcgroup.org/sites/www.etcgroup.org/files/files/etc-whowillfeedus-english-webshare.pdf

[14]         GRAIN. (2016). How the industrial food system contributes to the climate crisis. In The great climate robbery (pp. 2–7). New Internationalist. https://grain.org/en/article/5354-the-great-climate-robbery.

[15]         CCFD-Terre Solidaire and Confédération Paysanne. (2016). Our land is worth more than carbon. https://eurovia.org/cop-22-our-land-is-worth-more-than-carbon/

[16]         Parnell, J. (2020, August 3). Shell’s carbon offset business makes its first acquisition. Gtm. https://greentechmedia.com/articles/read/shell-makes-first-acquisition-for-carbon-offset-business-unit

[17]         FAO. (2020). Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM). Accessed 13 Jan 21. http://fao.org/gleam/results/en/

[18]         ETC Group. (2017). Who Will Feed Us?: The Peasant Food Web versus the Industrial Food Chain. https://www.etcgroup.org/sites/www.etcgroup.org/files/files/etc-whowillfeedus-english-webshare.pdf

[19]         Booth, M.S. (2014). Trees, trash, and toxics: How biomass energy has become the new coal. Partnership for Policy Integrity. http://pfpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/PFPI-Biomass-is-the-New-Coal-April-2-2014.pdf

[20]         Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation is a controversial UN forest offset program. See redd-monitor.org for more information.

[21]         Stockman, L. (2019). Burning the gas ‘bridge fuel’ myth: Why gas is not clean, cheap, or necessary. Oil Change International. http://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2019/05/gasBridgeMyth_web-FINAL.pdf

[22]         Schade, G.W. (2020, July 29). Routine gas flaring is wasteful, polluting and unmeasured. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/routine-gas-flaring-is-wasteful-polluting-and-undermeasured-139956

[23]         Swanson, C., & Levin, A. (2020). Sailing to nowhere: Liquefied natural gas is not an effective climate strategy. Natural Resources Defense Council. https://nrdc.org/sites/default/files/sailing-nowhere-liquefied-natural-gas-report.pdf

[24]         Kelly, S. (2018, October 28). Why plans to turn America’s rust belt into a new plastics belt are bad news for the climate. Desmog. https://desmogblog.com/2018/10/28/petrochemical-industry-america-rust-belt-plastics-fracking-climate

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[27]         World Economic Forum. (2016). The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the future of plastics. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_New_Plastics_Economy.pdf

[28]         Kalamaras, C. M., & Efstathiou, A. M. (2013). Hydrogen production technologies: current state and future developments. Conference Papers in Science, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/690627

[29]         IEA (2020). Methane Tracker 2020. International Energy Association. Retrieved February 15, 2021, from https://iea.org/reports/methane-tracker-2020

[30]         Stockman, L. (2019). Burning the gas ‘bridge fuel’ myth: Why gas is not clean, cheap, or necessary. Oil Change International. http://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2019/05/gasBridgeMyth_web-FINAL.pdf

[31]         Schade, G.W. (2020, July 29). Routine gas flaring is wasteful, polluting and unmeasured. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/routine-gas-flaring-is-wasteful-polluting-and-undermeasured-139956

[32]         Swanson, C., & Levin, A. (2020). Sailing to nowhere: Liquefied natural gas is not an effective climate strategy. Natural Resources Defense Council. https://nrdc.org/sites/default/files/sailing-nowhere-liquefied-natural-gas-report.pdf

[33]         Kelly, S. (2018, October 28). Why plans to turn America’s rust belt into a new plastics belt are bad news for the climate. Desmog. https://desmogblog.com/2018/10/28/petrochemical-industry-america-rust-belt-plastics-fracking-climate

[34]         Dalberg Advisors, de Wit, W., & Bigaud, N. (2019). No plastic in nature: Assessing plastic ingestion from nature to people. WWF. http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/plastic_ingestion_press_singles.pdf

[35]         Lebreton, L., Slat, B., Ferrari, F., Sainte-Rose, B., Aitken, J., Marthouse, R., Hajbane, S., Cunsolo, S., Schwarz, A., Leviver, A., Noble, K., Debeljak, P., Maral, H., Schoeneich-Argent, R., Brambini, R., & Reisser, J. (2018). Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w

[36]         World Economic Forum. (2016). The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the future of plastics. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_New_Plastics_Economy.pdf

[37]         Kalamaras, C. M., & Efstathiou, A. M. (2013). Hydrogen production technologies: current state and future developments. Conference Papers in Science, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/690627

[38]         IEA (2020). Methane Tracker 2020. International Energy Association. Retrieved February 15, 2021, from https://iea.org/reports/methane-tracker-2020

[39]         U.S. Department of Energy. (n.d.). Hydrogen production: Natural gas reforming. http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-production-natural-gas-reforming

[40]         Romm, J. J. (2004). The hype about hydrogen: Fact and fiction in the race to save the climate. Island Press.

[41]         Global Methane Initiative. (n.d.). Global methane emissions and mitigation opportunities. http://globalmethane.org/documents/analysis_fs_en.pdf

[42]         U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2011, March 31). Greenhouse gas emissions – methane emissions. http://eia.gov/environment/emissions/ghg_report/ghg_methane.php

[43]         Mutch, R. D., Mahony, J. D., Paquin, P. R., & Cleary, J. (2007). A study of tritium in municipal solid waste leachate and gas. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 6, 283-295. http://doi.org/10.2175/193864707786542625

[44]         Energy Justice Network. (2018, July) Methane’s global warming potential (number of times worse than CO2). http://energyjustice.net/naturalgas#GWP

[45]         West Coast Climate and Materials Management Forum. (n.d.). Gas capture rates: Uncertainty involving landfill gas emissions. http://westcoastclimateforum.com/content/gas-capture-rates-uncertainty-involving-landfill-gas-emissions

[46]         Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. (2021, February 25). Table HH-3 to subpart HH of part 98—Landfill gas collection efficiencies. http://ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&SID=765d2acc0741856732928caf2dd0d49e&mc=true&n=sp40.23.98.hh&r=SUBPART&ty=HTML#ap40.23.98_1348.3

[47]         Witynski, M. (2019, July 12). Disputed ground: The future of landfill gas-to-energy. Waste Dive. http://wastedive.com/news/disputed-ground-the-future-of-landfill-gas-to-energy/557706/

[48]         Energy Justice Network. (2020, September) Landfill gas-to-energy: Toxic and bad for the climate… Not green or renewable. http://energyjustice.net/lfg

[49]         Lewis-Michl, E.L., Kallenbach, L.R., Geary, N.S., Melius, J.M., Ju, C.L., Orr, M.F., & Forand, F.P. (1998). Investigation of cancer incidence and residence near 38 landfills with soil gas migration conditions: New York State, 1980-1989. New York State Department of Health, Division of Occupational Health and  Environmental Epidemiology, Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology. http://energyjustice.net/files/lfg/nys-cancer.pdf

[50]         Caponi, F. R., Wheless, E., & Frediani, D. (1998). Dioxin and furan emissions from landfill gas-fired combustion units. County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County. http://energyjustice.net/files/lfg/LFG-caponi.pdf

[51]         Kolker, K. (2019, April 4). Lifting yard waste ban may help landfill gas be greener. MLive. http://mlive.com/grpress/2008/06/lifting_yard_waste_ban_may_hel.html

[52]         Public Sector Consultants Inc. (2017, January) Policy brief on “examining increased renewable energy production from landfill gas in Michigan.” http://publicsectorconsultants.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Granger_PolicyBrief-1.pdf

[53]         Barnes, J. (2015, June 23). About 90% of waste sent to landfill could be recycled or composted. Waste Dive. http://wastedive.com/news/about-90-of-waste-sent-to-landfill-could-be-recycled-or-composted/401156/

[54]         Stewart, J. R. (2013). Landfill gas-to-energy projects may release more greenhouse gases than flaring. http://energyjustice.net/files/lfg/lfgte-increases-ghgs.pdf

[55]         Morris, J., Favoino, E., Lombardi, E., & Bailey, K. (2013). What is the best disposal option for the “Leftovers” on the way to Zero Waste? Eco-Cycle.  http://ecocycle.org/specialreports/leftovers

[56]         Energy Justice Network. (2021, March 20). Incineration and incinerators-in-disguise. http://energyjustice.net/incineration/

[57]         Energy Justice Network. (2021, February 17). Incinerators are NOT “waste-to-energy” facilities. http://energyjustice.net/incineration/waste-to-energy

[58]         Energy Justice Network. (2021, March 20). Trash incinerator ash – Nearly 30 tons for every 100 tons burned. http://energyjustice.net/incineration/ash

[59]         Morris, J. (1996). Recycling versus incineration: An energy conservation analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 47(1-3), 277-293. http://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(95)00116-6; Full copy available at https://web.archive.org/web/20170329083709if_/http://ewp.rpi.edu:80/hartford/~ernesto/S2014/SHWPCE/Papers/SW-Preprocessing-Separation-Recycling/Morris1996-Recycling-vs-Incineration-Energy.pdf

[60]         Energy Justice Network. (2021, March 20). Clean energy and zero waste produce the most jobs. http://energyjustice.net/jobs

[61]         Energy Justice Network. (2020, December 24). Trash incineration more polluting than coal. http://energyjustice.net/incineration/worsethancoal

[62]         Zero Waste Montgomery County. (2021, March). Beyond incineration: Best waste management strategies for Montgomery County, Maryland. http://energyjustice.net/md/beyond.pdf

[63]         Ewall, M. (2020, February). Trash incineration FACT CHECK: Covanta’s “energy-from-waste & health risk” flyer. http://energyjustice.net/incineration/healthstudies.pdf

[64]         Ewall, M. (2012). Dioxins and furans: The most toxic chemicals known to science. http://ejnet.org/dioxin

[65]         National Academy of Sciences. (2003). Exposure and human health reassessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds. cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris_drafts/dioxin/nas-review/; See Pt 1, Vol 2, Chap 4, Table 4-30 on p. 4-110  

[66]         Energy Justice Network. (2019). Operating trash incinerators. SpatialJusticeTest.org. http://spatialjusticetest.org/test/1127.html; Note that a race ratio greater than one means that a demographic group is more impacted than others at the distance indicated. If all incinerators were distributed fairly by race, all lines would follow a ratio of one. Data on each facility available via http://energyjustice.net/map/jtiny=4758

[67]         Energy Justice Network. (2019). Trash incineration is the most expensive way to manage waste. http://energyjustice.net/incineration/expensive-waste

[68]         Energy Justice Network. (2014). Trash incineration is the most expensive way to make energy. http://energyjustice.net/incineration/expensive-energy

[69]         Energy Justice Network. (2011). We predicted the nation’s largest city bankruptcy — 8 years ago. http://energyjustice.net/harrisburg-bankruptcy-predicted

[70]         Rutland Daily Herald. (1993, September 17). 200 tpd mass-burn incinerator, owned and operated by Wheelabrator. Incinerator contract forces 29 towns to file for Chapter 9 bankruptcy. http://americanhealthstudies.org/wastenot/wn244.htm

[71]         Ciplet, D. (2009, November). An industry blowing smoke: 10 reasons why gasification, pyrolysis and plasma arc are not green solutions. Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives. http://no-burn.org/wp-content/uploads/BlowingSmokeReport-1.pdf

[72]         Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives. (2020). Chemical recycling. http://no-burn.org/chemical-recycling-resources/

[73]         WISE Uranium Project. (2015, January 27). Nuclear fuel material balance calculator. http://wise-uranium.org/nfcm.html; Calculated on March 14, 2021 using default calculator settings, with the following alterations to reflect the US industry and uranium supply: Ore Grade = 1.51%; Enrichment Product Assay = 4.3%

[74]         U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2021). Uranium mines. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from https://abandonedmines.gov/about_uranium_mines

[75]         Schneider, M., Froggat, A., et al. (2020, September). World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2020 (p. 54). Paris. https://worldnuclearreport.org/-World-Nuclear-Industry-Status-Report-2020-.html

[76]         Gale, A. (2021, March 11). Fukushima nuclear cleanup is just beginning a decade after disaster: Decommissioning target of 2051 in doubt because of difficulties removing molten reactor fuel. Wall Street Journal. https://wsj.com/articles/fukushima-nuclear-cleanup-is-just-beginning-a-decade-after-disaster-11615458603

[77]         Muramatsu, S., & Kazunari, H. (2018, March 11). Seven years on, no end in sight for Fukushima’s long recovery: Japan faces myriad challenges to decommissioning and decontamination. Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Seven-years-on-no-end-in-sight-for-Fukushima-s-long-recovery

[78]         Kobayashi, T. (2019, March 7). Accident cleanup costs rising to 35-80 trillion yen in 40 years: Considering the postponing of decommissioning with ‘Confinement managing’ scenario as a possible option. Urgent need for measures to manage contaminated water. Japan Center for Economic Research. https://jcer.or.jp/jcer_download_log.php?f=eyJwb3N0X2lkIjo0OTY2MSwiZmlsZV9wb3N0X2lkIjo0OTY2Mn0=&post_id=49661&file_post_id=49662

[79]         Southwest Rese.arch and Information Center. (2009). Church Rock spill: 30 years later. Voices from the Earth (p. 6). Retrieved on March 14, 2021. http://sric.org/voices/2009/v10n3/index.php

[80]         Schneider, M., Froggat A., et al. (2020, September). World nuclear industry status report 2020 (p. 51). Paris, London. https://worldnuclearreport.org/-World-Nuclear-Industry-Status-Report-2020-.html

[81]         Schneider, M.  Froggat, A., et al. (2017, September). World nuclear industry status report 2017 (p. 103). Paris. https://worldnuclearreport.org/The-World-Nuclear-Industry-Status-Report-2017-HTML.html

[82]         Schneider, M. Froggat, A., et al. (2015, July). World nuclear industry status report 2015 (p. 55). Paris. https://worldnuclearreport.org/-World-Nuclear-Industry-Status-Report-2015-.html

[83]         Hsu, J. (2021, March 9). Nuclear power looks to regain its footing 10 years after Fukushima. Scientific American.  https://scientificamerican.com/article/nuclear-power-looks-to-regain-its-footing-10-years-after-fukushima/

[84]         Judson, T. (2018, November). Nuclear power and climate action: An assessment for the future. Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung-NYC. New York. https://rosalux.nyc/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/RLS-NYC_Nuclear_Power_Climate_Action.pdf

[85]         Nuclear Information and Resource Service. (2021, March). Irradiated nuclear fuel: Scale of danger to drinking water. https://nirs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Water-Contamination-Potential-Irradiated-Nuclear-Fuel.pdf

[86]         Besnard, M., et al. (2019, November). The world nuclear waste report – Focus Europe. Heinrich Boell Stiftung. Berlin. https://worldnuclearwastereport.org/

[87]         Ibid.

[88]         Judson, T. (2018, November). Nuclear power and climate action: An assessment for the future. Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung-NYC. https://rosalux.nyc/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/RLS-NYC_Nuclear_Power_Climate_Action.pdf

[89]         Besnard, M., et al. (2019, November). The world nuclear waste report – Focus Europe. Heinrich Boell Stiftung. Berlin. https://worldnuclearwastereport.org/

[90]         WISE Uranium Project. (2015, January 27). Nuclear fuel material balance calculator. http://wise-uranium.org/nfcm.html; Calculated on March 14, 2021 using default calculator settings, with the following alterations to reflect the US industry and uranium supply: Ore Grade = 1.51%; Enrichment Product Assay = 4.3%

[91]         Katwala, A. (2018, August 5). The spiraling environmental cost of our lithium battery addiction. Wired. https://wired.co.uk/article/lithium-batteries-environment-impact

[92]         Nogrady, B. (2020, May 14). Cobalt is critical to the renewable energy transition. How can we minimize its social and environmental cost? Ensia. https://ensia.com/features/cobalt-sustainability-batteries/

[93]         Prashad, V., & Bejarano, A. (2020, August 1). ‘We will coup whoever we want’: Elon Musk and the overthrow of democracy in Bolivia. InDepthNews. https://indepthnews.net/index.php/opinion/3735-we-will-coup-whoever-we-want-elon-musk-and-the-overthrow-of-democracy-in-bolivia

[94]         Gilbertson, T., & Reyes, O. (2009). Carbon trading: How it works and why it fails. Critical Currents, 7. Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation. Accessed 15 March 2021: https://daghammarskjold.se/publication/carbon-trading-works-fails/

[95]         Anderson, D., Moggridge, H., Warren, P., & Shucksmith, J. (2015). The impacts of ‘run‐of‐river’ hydropower on the physical and ecological condition of rivers. Water and Environment Journal, 29(2), 268-276. https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12101

[96]         Grand Canyon Trust. (2020). Three pumped storage hydroelectric projects threaten Indigenous sacred areas, biodiversity, the Little Colorado River and the Grand Canyon in Arizona, USA. https://grandcanyontrust.org/little-colorado-river-dam-proposals

[97]         World Commission on Dams. (2000). Dams and development: A new framework for decision-making: The report of the world commission on dams. Earthscan.

[98]         Richter, B. D., Postel, S., Revenga, C., Scudder, T., Lehner, B., Churchill, A., & Chow, M. (2010). Lost in development’s shadow: The downstream human consequences of dams. Water alternatives, 3(2), 14.

[99]         World Fish Migration Foundation. (2020). Living planet index for migratory fresh water fish 2020. https://worldfishmigrationfoundation.com/living-planet-index-2020

[100]         Deemer, B. R., Harrison, J. A., Li, S., Beaulieu, J. J., DelSontro, T., Barros, N., Bezerra-Neto, J.F., Powers, S.M., dos Santos, M.A., Vonk, J. A. (2016). Greenhouse gas emissions from reservoir water surfaces: a new global synthesis. BioScience, 66(11), 949-964. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw117

[101]         Ocko, I. B., & Hamburg, S. P. (2019). Climate impacts of hydropower: enormous differences among facilities and over time. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(23), 14070-14082. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05083

[102]         Waterkeeper Alliance. (2017). Hydropower is NOT clean energy: Dams and reservoirs are major drivers of climate change. https://waterkeeper.org/news/hydropower-is-not-clean-energy/

[103]         Kandarr, J., & Wittman, F. (2019). Reservoirs release large quantities of methane. Earth System Knowledge Platform, 6. https://doi.org/10.2312/eskp.014

[104]         Lima, I. B., Ramos, F. M., Bambace, L. A., & Rosa, R. R. (2008). Methane emissions from large dams as renewable energy resources: a developing nation perspective. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 13(2), 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-007-9086-5

[105]         Galy, V., Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., & Eglinton, T. (2015). Global carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion. Nature, 521(7551), 204-207. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14400

[106]         Cumming, V. (n.d.). The rivers that help balance our climate. BBC Earth. https://bbcearth.com/blog/?article=the-rivers-that-hold-the-climate-in-their-balance

[107]         Calder, R. S., Schartup, A. T., Li, M., Valberg, A. P., Balcom, P. H., & Sunderland, E. M. (2016). Future impacts of hydroelectric power development on methylmercury exposures of Canadian indigenous communities. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(23), 13115-13122. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04447

[108]         Ibid.

[109]         Zarfl, C., Lumsdon, A. E., Berlekamp, J., Tydecks, L., & Tockner, K. (2015). A global boom in hydropower dam construction. Aquatic Sciences, 77(1), 161-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-014-0377-0

[110]         IEA. (2018). World energy outlook 2018. https://iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2018

[111]         Colonna, M. (2020, October 26). No more new hydropower in Europe: A manifesto. Birdlife International. https://birdlife.org/europe-and-central-asia/news/no-more-new-hydropower-europe-manifesto

[112]         Ansar, A., Flyvbjerg, B., Budzier, A., & Lunn, D. (2014). Should we build more large dams? The actual costs of hydropower megaproject development. Energy policy, 69, 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.069

[113]         CDM Pipeline. (2021). http://cdmpipeline.org/cdm-projects-type.htm#3

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